1. Diacritic Meaning In Science
2. Diacritics Windows 10

History of Hebrew and Yiddish Languages

Hebrew is the member of the Canaanite group of languages which belong to Northwest Semitic family of languages. From the 10th century onwards, Hebrew was a flourishing spoken language. Through the ages, Hebrew persevered as main language for all written purposes in Jewish communities all over the world. Thus educated Jews all over had a common language for communication through books, legal documents, published, written and read in the language. Hebrew has been revived repeatedly by various movements in the 19th century. Modern Hebrew finds its place as a modern spoken language due to the national revival ideology of Hibbat Tziyon followed by Jewish activist Eliezer Ben-Yehuda. Literary works of Hebrew intellectuals during the 19th century led to the modernization of Hebrew. New words were borrowed and coined from other languages like English, Russian, French and German. In 1921 Hebrew became the official language of British ruled Palestine and in 1948 was declared official language of State of Israel. Hebrew is studied by students of Judaism, archeologists and linguists researching Middle East civilizations and theologians.

Diacritic discriminating - showing or indicating careful judgment and discernment especially in matters of taste; 'the discriminating eye of the connoisseur' Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc. A diacritic is a mark used to add meaning, stress, or emphasis to a letter. In Circular Gallifreyan, there are four basic symbols used to represent consonants. These symbols can be written alone, or you can add one diacritic mark or another to modify the base meaning of the symbol and change it into another consonant. What is the definition of the shortened diacritic? This would be a vowel or consonant that is shorter than you would expect it to be. Ex: You may hear a /t/ but actually the speaker is saying an /s/ because they have similar places of articulation, the sound is just shortened.

Yiddish developed as a fusion of Hebrew, Slavic languages, Romance language and Aramaic with German dialects. Origin of Yiddish can be traced back to the 10th century Ashkenazi culture in Rhineland which eventually spread to eastern and central Europe. Initially known as the language of Ashkenaz, Yiddish soon came to be known as the mother tongue or mame-loshn. Yiddish was different from biblical Hebrew and Aramaic which were known as loshn-koydesh or holy tongue. 18th century saw Yiddish being used in literature. Primarily spoken by Ashkenazi Jews, Yiddish dialects are divided into Western Yiddish and Eastern Yiddish which includes Litvish, Poylish and Ukrainish. Western Yiddish had no use of words of Slavic origin while Eastern Yiddish used them extensively. Eastern Yiddish continues to be used widely while use of Western Yiddish has dwindled significantly.

Origin of the name

Hebrew is derived from 'ivri' which means Jewish people from the name of Abraham's ancestor, Eber. 'Eber' has its roots with 'avar' meaning 'to cross over'. Bible refers to Hebrew as Yehudith since Yehuda or Judah was the surviving kingdom at the time. Hebrew also finds reference in Isaiah 19:18 as Language of Canaan.

Yiddish was known as loshn-ashkenaz or language of Ashkenaz and taytsh or the modern Middle High German. Common usage finds Yiddish being referred to as mame-loshn or mother tongue. The term Yiddish found itself being used in the 18th century.

Differences in Phonology

Diacritic Meaning In Science

In Hebrew consonants are called 'itsurim'. The consonants are strengthened using dagesh which is idicated by points or dots placed in center of consonants. There are light dagesh or kal and heavy dagesh or hazak. Vowels in Hebrew are called as tnu'ot and their written representation is Niqqud. There are 5 vowel phenomenes in Israeli Hebrew. Like any other language Henrew vocabulary consists of nouns, verbs adjectives etc. but surprisingly a verb is not mandatory for sentence construction in Hebrew.

Yiddish language phonology shows influence of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian and Polish influence and like them does not allow voiced stops to be devoiced in final position. The nouns are divided into masculine or zokher, feminine or nekeyve and neuter or neytral. Adjectives are used for genders and numbers. Verbs, pronouns and articles are used specifically.

Differences in Writing System

Hebrew is written from right to left using 22 letters which are all consonants. A Hebrew alphabet is called an abjad. Modern script is based on a form of writing known as Ashurit which has its origination in the Aramaic script. Handwriting script of Hebrew is cursive with letters being more circular and varies from their printed counterparts. Vowels in Hebrew script have to be deduced from context as well as diacritic marks above and below letters which have syllabic onset. Come consonantal letters can be used vowels and these are known as matres lectionis. Diacritic marks are also used to indicate difference in pronunciation and accentuation as well as musical rendition of Biblical Texts.

Yiddish is written using Hebrew script. Silent Hebrew letters become vowels in Yiddish. Letters which can be used as consonants and vowels are read according to context and sometimes are also differentiated through diacritic marks derived from Hebrew. The diacritical marks or points find unique and specific usage in Yiddish.

Diacritics Windows 10

Though both languages use Hebrew script there are significant differences in which the letters are applied in literary practice.

References

The modern Greek alphabet has 24 letters. It is used to write the Greek language. The Greek alphabet is also frequently used in science and mathematics to represent various entities.^[3][4] Most letters in the Greek alphabet have equivalent in the English language.^[5]

The Greek alphabet is thought to be where all important European alphabets came from. The alphabet was borrowed from the Phoenician alphabet around the 10th century BC, with many changes to make it fit the Greek language. The main change was that some of the Phoenician letters that were for sounds not used in Greek were turned into vowels. The Phoenicians had written their alphabet without any vowels, so this change made reading easier. This change was also better fit for Indo-European languages, which did not use consonant-based roots (meaning the word's central meaning is based on the consonant string) like those in Semitic languages such as Phoenician, Arabic, Hebrew, and Aramaic. Another change is that some new letters were invented for sounds that were in Greek but not in the Phoenician language. At first, Greek was written from right to left, same as Phoenician, but after the 6th century BC, it was written from left to right.

There were some differences in the early Greek alphabet depending on what part of the Greek world it was used in. The two main kinds were the eastern and western ones. But over time, all Greeks started to use the same alphabet, especially after the Ionic alphabet of Miletus was officially adopted in Athens in 403 BC. A little later, the rest of Greece did the same, and by 350 BC, during the life of Alexander the Great, almost all Greeks were using the same twenty-four letter Greek alphabet.

Later, Aristophanes of Byzantium (c. 257–185 BC), a Greek scholar and grammarian, invented the three diacritics (accent marks): acute, grave, and circumflex, to mark the tone or pitch of Greek words.

Although the Greek letters accurately represented all the main sounds of the Greek language early on, the sounds of the Greek language changed over time. Some of the vowel sounds began to sound similar to one another, aspiratedvoicelessstops became voicelessfricatives, and voicedstops became voicedfricatives. One can get an idea of how older Greek pronunciations sounded like, by looking at the Latin and English spellings of Greek loanwords like 'philosopher', 'Chimera', 'Cyprus', and 'Thessalonica' .

Rough breathing or 'H' sound

Another diacritic is a comma, usually above initial vowels. This signaled whether or not the sound of the letter 'H' was present. It is not available in our standard character-set. If this comma-like diacritic above the vowel is reversed, it indicates the presence of an /h/ sound before a vowel, diphthong, or rho. Thus, the Greek name Ἕκτωρ is pronounced Hektōr, not Ektor. Another example is ἥρως, pronounced hḗrōs ('hero').

Modern orthography

In 1982, a new, simplified orthography, known as 'monotonic', was adopted for official use in Modern Greek by the Greek state. It uses only a single accent mark, the acute accent. This marks the stressed syllable of polysyllabic words, that is, words with more than one syllable.

Related pages

References

1. ↑Swiggers 1996. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSwiggers1996 (help)
2. ↑Johnston 2003, pp. 263–276. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJohnston2003 (help)
3. ↑'Greek/Hebrew/Latin-based Symbols in Mathematics'. Math Vault. 2020-03-20. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
4. ↑'Greek alphabet letters & symbols (α,β,γ,δ,ε,...)'. www.rapidtables.com. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
5. ↑'The Greek Alphabet'. web.mit.edu. Retrieved 2020-10-02.

Other websites